path: root/2021/captions/emacsconf-2021-teach--using-org-mode-to-teach-programming--daniel-german--main.vtt

WEBVTT

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Hello, everybody. My name is Daniel German.

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I'm a professor of computer science 

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at the University of Victoria,

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and I have been teaching programming 

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for more than 10 years.

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I want to tell you today

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about how I have been

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using Emacs effectively 

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during the last 10 years,

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and to try to improve how I not only

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create content for my students,

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but also how I deliver it, 

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and particularly how, 

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within the last five years, 

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I have been using Org mode

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in a very effective way

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that benefits both 

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my students and myself

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in the creation and the delivery 

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of content.

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Let me switch to my computer. 

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I'm going to remove myself

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because I can use 

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all the real-estate screen.

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The goal of my presentation today

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is really to give you 

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a little bit of an overview

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of how I have been able to 

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combine the use of Org mode 

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and with some other tools.

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I'll talk about specifically about them

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and then also offer some suggestions 

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and recommendations 

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in how to get it started.

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I have created a configuration, 

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a set of configuration files 

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that you can use. 

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I will describe them towards the end.

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Hopefully, it will make it easy

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for all of you to get started on using it.

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So we start talking a little bit

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about the challenges 

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of teaching programming. 

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I think that the fundamental one

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is that keeping the content 

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and the slides up to date is hard, 

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because the content is programs.

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There are programs 

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that sometimes have errors,

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and sometimes the slides are 

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incomplete snippets of code, and that 

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once they go into the slides software, 

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like Google Slides or PowerPoint, 

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they're essentially static objects.

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If we need to update them,

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we basically don't know

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whether the update code actually works,

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or does it work? 

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Also, we cannot insert automatically 

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the output. 

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We'll have to run the snippet outside,

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and run it, and then insert that code.

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So that's very cumbersome.

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It's really, really one of the 

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major challenges of using a slide software 

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to teach programming.

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The other thing is that 

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during the presentation, 

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there's nothing you can do with the code.

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You might be able to edit it,

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but you cannot run it. 

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You have to move outside of the

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presentation software

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to be able to execute the code.

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The last one is kind of related to 

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the previous two. 

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You don't have a single file 

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and your information is spread across

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many, many different files,

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especially if you have lots of

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different snippets in your slides. 

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You probably have a lot of 

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different small files, each of them

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contributing something to your slides,

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and so it becomes a pain to manage.

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All of this is where Org mode 

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really excels. Org mode is capable of

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doing everything, and it needs 

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a little bit of help from some friends. 

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I will describe what I mean by that. 

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But the other thing 

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that is also very valuable

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is that it's within the magic of Emacs. 

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I absolutely love to be able to

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work with text within Emacs.

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I enjoy actually creating my notes

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in Org mode way more than if I was

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making them in Google Slides.

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Let me start by giving you a short demo.

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I have been teaching programming in C++ 

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for around five years, 

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and this was really the trigger towards

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trying to do everything within Org mode.

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So I have a repository in GitHub, 

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and I think that GitHub 

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is an excellent tool 

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that works collaboration with Org mode.

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I'll describe actually 

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what I mean by that. 

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My lectures are essentially Org files.

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So, for example, let's go into

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one of these files.

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This is a an Org file.

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You can actually see it in the extension.

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I get a table of contents.

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GitHub creates or give us actually

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the ability to quickly jump, and it creates 

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a dynamic table of contents, 

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but I also can actually 

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create it automatically, 

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and then here it goes. 

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This is the code that i have. 

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This is a snippet 

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that I present in the class.

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Let me actually show you 

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how I do it within Emacs.

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So what I will do is the following. 

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Let me try to open that file.

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Here's the file,

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and it's exactly the same

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that we were browsing in GitHub. 

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What I do is I simply just scroll through

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the document. It's almost like 

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movie credits at the end of the movie. 

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I don't break them into chunks 

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that I show in the screen. 

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I see no point in doing that.

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What I do is I simply scroll through

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the text. The students are able to see

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the same information in GitHub

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on their computer,

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or they can print it if they want,

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and they are able to actually 

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follow with me, and then having

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a much bigger picture

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than if i just show a very small snippet.

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In the case that the snippet is too big,

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for example, let's say this one 

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actually doesn't cover the... 

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covers more than full screen, 

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I actually reduce the size 

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and then give a little bit of

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an explanation of the whole thing, 

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and then focus and say this is the line

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where we have to pay attention.

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Notice actually how I use color for that.

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I think that the ability to use color

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and typesetting is fundamental 

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to be able to do this effectively,

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and the nice thing is that

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we can configure Org mode 

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to be able to do most of this

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automatically.

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As I said before, 

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one of the great advantages is that 

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I can actually run the code dynamically. 

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So let's say that the student says,

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"But what if I change that value to 10?"

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Well, let's try it. 

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Let's change it, run it,

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and then you can see here 

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that it has a 10. 

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That's really powerful because

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you're not tied to 

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what is the content you have 

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on the slides. If you find an error

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or an omission, or you want to talk about

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something else, you can very quickly 

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do it. You can add comments 

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and then make some suggestions 

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specifically to that,

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or worst-case scenario,

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if you really, really, need it,

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you can say, "Let's load it into..."

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Let's actually do some hand annotation. 

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Let's actually say, "look at this thing, 

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this is the value that I want you to

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concentrate on."

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It's not perfect. 

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I'm not doing it with an Emacs. 

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I wish there was a way to do it,

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but it is absolutely effective 

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because I'm actually able to

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use the power. Notice that all that is

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exported is just the block, and also 

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the color and typesetting,

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the typesetting of the content. 

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So this is actually great. 

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I have the colors red, purple, etc. etc.

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I love being able to do that.

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This is just a temporary file. 

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I can actually discard it, 

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and it doesn't really matter.

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Let me go back to the presentation.

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So that's the delivery.

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So the delivery is great,

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and I can tell the students 

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now you're actually in GitHub,

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if you want to test the code,

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just cut and paste. 

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Notice that I clicked on the little icon. 

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Now it's copied. It's now part of 

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the kill buffer ([kill-ring]), 

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so if I want to actually create a file

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that has that content, 

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I can very quickly do it.

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Try that with PowerPoint. 

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You will have to have the text 

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without any nice typesetting,

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or you will have to have a picture

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that is impossible to cut and paste.

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So that's something that the students

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really, really appreciate of this. 

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They can try it on the computer.

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They can load it into 

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their favorite editor. 

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I don't force them to use Emacs,

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but I have to say that some of them

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really get intrigued by this power

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that they want to try Emacs

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because they see that they can do things,

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that I can do things that they cannot do

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with other tools.

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Okay, so let's go back to presentation.

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The other half of it is 

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preparing the notes. 

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I think the preparatory notes 

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is something that I want to do

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as easy as possible. 

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I want to be able to reduce the time

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that I waste on things,

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that they are done.

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They're not part of the actual thinking

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or the delivery of the presentation.

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So let me create a file.

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Let's call it rip2.org. 

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Well, I have this one,

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so let's call it rip.org. 

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Oh, I have this one too, 

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so let's call it rip4.org.

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So it's empty.

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I use yasnippets. I think yasnippets 

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are very important, 

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and I'll go through this 

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in a little bit later. 

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It's important to set up 

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the properties for each language

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that I use properly.

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I'll describe this a little bit later.

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Unfortunately, the properties 

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have to be evaluated one at a time,

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and so I'm just going to 

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kill the buffer and open it again.

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So now all of these properties 

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are properly set.

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As I said before, I have some yasnippets,

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so I can actually do very quickly... 

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This is C++, cout << "hello world",

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std::endl.

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And then I run it, 

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and then it's inserted down here, 

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so nothing special.

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Let's assume that I make a mistake

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and I type a double l here. 

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I will get an error.

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These line numbers unfortunately 

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don't perfectly match 

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with the line numbers

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in the little snippet

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because there's some code 

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that org-babel inserts,

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so that shifts them.

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So that's something to be aware of.

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I can correct it, run it, 

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and then it inserts the result.

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Let's do one in C.

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I'll explain the exports both 

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a little bit. 

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So let's assume that I don't want to

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have a full main program. 

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Let's assume that i just want to

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demonstrate how to use a printf

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"hello world %s\n", "my friend".

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Let's run it.

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I get a bunch of errors. Why?

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Because I don't have a main program,

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so I have to actually tell org-babel 

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that I want a main product, 

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so yes put a main around it. 

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So now I run it and it says, oh,

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in the function main, 

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we have an implicit declaration 

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for function printf. 

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I'm very, very stringent 

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on my compilation options,

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so I want to have every single

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potential error displayed ,

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so that's actually why. 

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In this case, I actually need include, 

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so I can say :includes <stdio.h>,

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and I'll run it and it runs perfectly.

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So why is this important? 

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Well, it allows me to just have 

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the snippet that I'm concerned about. 

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I don't have to have all the overhead 

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of having to have the include, main, etc., 

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if I want to show

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just one specific concept

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and I can do it 

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in very few lines of code. 

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I can do that immediately, of course.

00:11:50.240 --> 00:11:51.279
The students will not be able to 

00:11:51.279 --> 00:11:53.600
cut and paste it without the main file,

00:11:53.600 --> 00:11:54.320
but that's something 

00:11:54.320 --> 00:11:56.800
that we can explain to them.

11:57.600 --> 00:11:59.440
We can do all the languages. 

00:11:59.440 --> 00:12:02.079
So I can say print,

12:02.079 --> 12:07.680
let's print just a list,

12:07.680 --> 12:10.000
or let's actually keep updating it,

12:10.000 --> 00:12:16.000
and let's do a map of a lambda x, 

00:12:16.000 --> 00:12:19.279
x multiplied by x,

12:19.279 --> 00:12:22.079
and then we run it. Okay. 

00:12:22.079 --> 00:12:23.200
The thing that is important

00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:25.120
is that if we also have 

00:12:25.120 --> 00:12:26.720
the full power of the environment, 

00:12:26.720 --> 00:12:28.320
right, so we can actually edit it

00:12:28.320 --> 00:12:31.519
in the native mode of the language,

00:12:31.519 --> 00:12:34.560
and wherever we actually want to use

00:12:34.560 --> 00:12:36.720
specific features, that they are available 

00:12:36.720 --> 00:12:38.800
in the particular mode.

12:38.800 --> 00:12:40.720
But for most of the cases, 

00:12:40.720 --> 00:12:41.519
I don't need that,

00:12:41.519 --> 00:12:44.160
because my examples are relatively simple.

12:44.160 --> 12:46.720
Let's do one more.

12:46.720 --> 00:12:48.399
This is a little bit different: SQLite. 

00:12:48.399 --> 00:12:49.760
In the previous examples,

00:12:49.760 --> 00:12:51.200
the output that is inserted 

00:12:51.200 --> 00:12:52.720
is a standard output. 

00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:54.320
In SQLite, I want to actually see

00:12:54.320 --> 00:12:55.279
the tables. I want to see 

00:12:55.279 --> 00:12:56.720
how the tables are,

00:12:56.720 --> 00:12:58.880
what the results are. 

00:12:58.880 --> 00:13:04.000
So let's create table s.

13:04.000 --> 00:13:08.399
Let's call it r, a int, b int,

13:08.399 --> 00:13:09.200
and let's run it. 

00:13:09.200 --> 00:13:10.639
This is-- oh, the table already exists. 

00:13:10.639 --> 00:13:16.240
Okay. So drop table if exists r,

13:16.240 --> 00:13:17.440
and then we run it. Okay. 

00:13:17.440 --> 00:13:21.120
So now it's created. sqlite...

00:13:21.120 --> 00:13:25.920
So we can say create a table,

00:13:25.920 --> 00:13:27.760
and let's actually add SQL, 

00:13:27.760 --> 00:13:32.079
and here we're actually going to add...

13:32.079 --> 00:13:34.240
This is an example in C, 

00:13:34.240 --> 00:13:38.240
and here we're going to have C++. 

00:13:38.240 --> 00:13:42.160
Okay. So, SQL, 

00:13:42.160 --> 00:13:43.920
and then we create a table, 

00:13:43.920 --> 00:13:47.839
and then we populate 

00:13:47.839 --> 00:13:51.360
and then insert into R 

00:13:51.360 --> 00:13:57.839
values 1,2 2,3 3,4.

13:57.839 --> 00:13:59.519
Okay. So now I have a table, 

00:13:59.519 --> 00:14:01.600
I have values, 

00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:04.560
and I can do "select * from here,"

14:04.560 --> 14:07.040
and then I get the result. Okay.

14:07.040 --> 00:14:07.920
It's almost magic 

00:14:07.920 --> 00:14:10.399
because I can actually get, formatted, 

00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:13.040
the output in the way that I expected.

14:13.040 --> 14:15.279
Obviously, if my result is too big,

14:15.279 --> 00:14:18.399
then it will basically just create 

00:14:18.399 --> 00:14:20.880
a huge, huge buffer, or Org will say

00:14:20.880 --> 00:14:21.920
the output is too big. 

00:14:21.920 --> 00:14:24.079
So often with databases, 

00:14:24.079 --> 00:14:26.480
I actually narrow my output, right,

00:14:26.480 --> 00:14:28.639
or I might do it with a clause, 

00:14:28.639 --> 00:14:32.800
"where a > 1". 

14:34.959 --> 00:14:36.959
If the language is supported by Org Babel,

00:14:36.959 --> 00:14:39.920
then you can do all of this.

14:39.920 --> 00:14:42.079
Let me go back to the presentation. 

00:14:42.079 --> 00:14:43.760
I'm running out of time. 

00:14:43.760 --> 00:14:45.680
Let me give you a short tour 

00:14:45.680 --> 00:14:47.279
of how this is done.

14:47.279 --> 00:14:53.279
I have created a repository that has 

00:14:53.279 --> 00:14:54.800
all the configuration that I have.

00:14:54.800 --> 00:14:56.639
Everything is self-contained.

14:56.639 --> 14:59.600
You can just download it and run it.

14:59.600 --> 00:15:01.360
You will have to replace 

00:15:01.360 --> 00:15:03.760
your ~/.emacs.d directory, 

00:15:03.760 --> 00:15:07.440
and then you can explore it, test it, 

00:15:07.440 --> 00:15:11.039
and then pick things out of it, 

00:15:11.039 --> 00:15:14.639
choose, etc. 

15:14.639 --> 00:15:16.800
Let me go through the README.

00:15:16.800 --> 00:15:17.920
I think that the README 

00:15:17.920 --> 00:15:19.600
is actually useful. 

00:15:19.600 --> 00:15:21.760
I have a function called actually start.

00:15:21.760 --> 00:15:22.480
That is the one 

00:15:22.480 --> 00:15:24.000
that creates indentation 

00:15:24.000 --> 00:15:28.399
and sets up the mode, etc.

15:28.399 --> 00:15:29.440
Let me talk about GitHub. 

00:15:29.440 --> 00:15:31.839
So GitHub is a great resource. Why?

00:15:31.839 --> 00:15:32.880
Well its publishing, 

00:15:32.880 --> 00:15:34.240
as i mentioned before, 

00:15:34.240 --> 00:15:35.519
is very simple. 

00:15:35.519 --> 00:15:37.120
To publish, you basically just 

00:15:37.120 --> 00:15:37.920
push your changes 

00:15:37.920 --> 00:15:43.199
and it automatically renders the code.

15:43.199 --> 00:15:46.800
It's something that is quite useful.

15:46.800 --> 00:15:48.720
But it is not perfect, 

00:15:48.720 --> 00:15:50.399
and it's not able to understand

00:15:50.399 --> 00:15:52.880
the full Org. But for most of the things

00:15:52.880 --> 00:15:53.680
that I use for teaching, 

00:15:53.680 --> 00:15:55.600
it's sufficiently good.

00:15:55.600 --> 00:15:57.360
It would be better if it was full 

00:15:57.360 --> 00:16:00.720
at compliance, but it's not bad as it is.

16:00.720 --> 00:16:02.463
Version control. I think 

00:16:02.463 --> 00:16:03.839
it's extremely valuable 

00:16:03.839 --> 00:16:05.199
to have version control.

00:16:05.199 --> 00:16:08.079
It allows to actually use 

00:16:08.079 --> 00:16:08.959
different computers 

00:16:08.959 --> 00:16:10.560
or keep track of my changes,

00:16:10.560 --> 00:16:11.920
collaborate with authors,

00:16:11.920 --> 00:16:13.040
even have pull requests 

00:16:13.040 --> 00:16:13.759
from the students.

16:13.759 --> 16:16.320
Actually it's very empowering

16:16.320 --> 16:18.800
for the students.

16:18.800 --> 00:16:20.480
Navigation, links, cut and paste 

00:16:20.480 --> 00:16:21.920
between code blocks, 

00:16:21.920 --> 00:16:23.199
you can even edit in place

16:23.199 --> 16:26.160
if you want to.

16:26.160 --> 16:27.920
In a pinch, you can actually use GitHub

16:27.920 --> 00:16:30.000
to do the editing of your file. 

00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:33.199
Of course, it will not update your buffers.

16:33.199 --> 00:16:35.199
:exports both. This is very important.

00:16:35.199 --> 00:16:40.160
If we have a block, by default,

16:40.160 --> 16:43.199
GitHub will not typeset

16:43.199 --> 00:16:44.399
the output of that block.

00:16:44.399 --> 00:16:45.839
It will only put the source code,

00:16:45.839 --> 00:16:47.199
but not its output.

16:47.199 --> 00:16:50.079
In this case, if I actually showed this

00:16:50.079 --> 00:16:52.720
in GitHub, "hello world" will not appear. 

00:16:52.720 --> 00:16:55.120
So what we need to do is for every block, 

00:16:55.120 --> 00:16:57.040
we have to do :exports both.

16:57.040 --> 00:16:58.720
okay that's unfortunate, 

00:16:58.720 --> 00:17:01.120
but we can deal with that.

17:01.120 --> 00:17:03.920
Once it's done, then the output

00:17:03.920 --> 00:17:06.079
is actually typeset.

17:06.079 --> 00:17:07.520
I mentioned that header args 

00:17:07.520 --> 00:17:09.039
are very important, 

00:17:09.039 --> 00:17:10.079
because those are the ones 

00:17:10.079 --> 00:17:12.799
that set the parameters 

00:17:12.799 --> 00:17:14.640
for each one of the blocks that you have.

17:14.640 --> 17:16.000
You don't want to have to type every

17:16.000 --> 00:17:19.120
single one of them at once. 

00:17:19.120 --> 00:17:20.880
For example, let me go back to 

00:17:20.880 --> 00:17:22.880
my presentation.

17:23.839 --> 17:26.160
Here's actually the parameters for C.

17:26.160 --> 00:17:28.880
C, I say, I don't want you to

00:17:28.880 --> 00:17:30.000
automatically add a main. 

00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:31.120
I want to provide my main, 

00:17:31.120 --> 00:17:34.160
and these are the flags to the compiler.

17:34.160 --> 00:17:37.280
With C++, similar. With SQLite, 

00:17:37.280 --> 00:17:38.720
I said this is my database,

17:38.720 --> 00:17:39.600
this is the data, 

00:17:39.600 --> 00:17:41.360
the file where the database lives,

00:17:41.360 --> 00:17:44.559
and for the results, I want you to insert

17:44.559 --> 00:17:46.160
the column names. I want to see 

00:17:46.160 --> 00:17:48.400
the names of the columns in the result.

17:48.400 --> 17:50.960
So those are actually why

17:50.960 --> 17:53.840
the headers are important.

17:53.840 --> 00:17:55.520
There's one in general. 

00:17:55.520 --> 00:17:56.880
That's :results output. 

00:17:56.880 --> 00:17:59.039
If you're interested on showing

00:17:59.039 --> 00:18:01.760
the standard output of your snippet,

00:18:01.760 --> 00:18:03.600
then you have to use :results output.

00:18:03.600 --> 00:18:04.799
Otherwise, it will insert 

00:18:04.799 --> 00:18:06.720
the result of the last expression. 

00:18:06.720 --> 00:18:08.000
It just depends on what you want to show,

18:08.000 --> 00:18:08.720
but it's important 

00:18:08.720 --> 00:18:11.200
that you are aware of that.

18:11.200 --> 18:13.440
I'm almost running out of time.

18:13.440 --> 00:18:15.919
There are some things that are C-specific

00:18:15.919 --> 00:18:18.400
and that I sort of covered

00:18:18.400 --> 00:18:23.919
during the demo.

18:23.919 --> 00:18:26.000
You can use advanced Org features,

00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:29.039
and you can actually use noweb.

00:18:29.039 --> 00:18:30.640
Now that's confusing for students,

00:18:30.640 --> 00:18:33.600
so i will suggest that you actually do it

18:33.600 --> 00:18:34.880
but then inform the students 

00:18:34.880 --> 00:18:37.760
very clearly of that.

18:37.760 --> 00:18:39.280
Some potential issues: 

00:18:39.280 --> 00:18:42.400
_ (underscore). _ is used everywhere. 

00:18:42.400 --> 00:18:44.640
By default, it will try to export it-- 

00:18:44.640 --> 00:18:46.960
Org will try to export it as circumflex, 

00:18:46.960 --> 00:18:48.400
the same as with GitHub. 

00:18:48.400 --> 00:18:52.480
So we want to inform Org and GitHub

00:18:52.480 --> 00:18:53.840
not to do anything with them,

00:18:53.840 --> 00:18:55.520
and this is via the circumflex. 

00:18:55.520 --> 00:18:57.440
So we said in #+OPTIONS: ^:nil , 

00:18:57.440 --> 00:18:58.720
and that actually takes care 

00:18:58.720 --> 00:19:01.679
of the circumflex and also the underscore.

00:19:01.679 --> 00:19:02.720
It's kind of confusing 

00:19:02.720 --> 00:19:04.080
because it's both,

00:19:04.080 --> 00:19:05.120
but it's actually named 

00:19:05.120 --> 00:19:06.720
after the circumflex.

19:06.720 --> 00:19:07.840
The pipe character 

00:19:07.840 --> 00:19:08.880
is one of those characters 

00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:10.640
that is actually very, very common

00:19:10.640 --> 00:19:12.799
in programming, but if you put in a table,

00:19:12.799 --> 00:19:14.480
there's no way to do it. Like, okay, 

00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:16.559
I wish I had this table nicely

19:16.559 --> 00:19:19.520
where I can say || here, 

00:19:19.520 --> 00:19:21.280
but if I put this ||, 

00:19:21.280 --> 00:19:22.799
it will actually interpret it

00:19:22.799 --> 00:19:23.919
as the separator. 

00:19:23.919 --> 00:19:25.760
So that's one of the few things

00:19:25.760 --> 00:19:27.679
that's kind of annoying.

19:27.679 --> 00:19:31.679
Final words. See my configuration file,

19:31.679 --> 00:19:35.520
and try to typeset the code, 

00:19:35.520 --> 00:19:37.520
the buffer as close as possible 

00:19:37.520 --> 00:19:38.720
to what you want to present.

00:19:38.720 --> 00:19:40.000
As you can see here, 

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:42.240
I'm actually using colors to highlight

00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:44.320
by using the current line.

19:44.320 --> 19:46.960
Use yasnippets.

19:46.960 --> 19:48.480
They're amazing, and they will actually

19:48.480 --> 19:51.440
make your life much more useful.

19:51.440 --> 19:53.280
Experiment.

19:53.280 --> 19:56.720
Just a conclusion.

19:56.720 --> 00:19:58.400
Org mode and Emacs really make

00:19:58.400 --> 00:20:01.039
a wonderful, amazing environment 

00:20:01.039 --> 00:20:03.360
for teaching programming.

20:03.360 --> 20:06.640
I just want to end by saying that 

20:06.640 --> 00:20:10.320
I'm very grateful to all the Emacs community

20:10.320 --> 00:20:14.159
because I have benefited tremendously

00:20:14.159 --> 00:20:16.080
over the years. I have been using Emacs

00:20:16.080 --> 00:20:18.960
since 1991, so this is essentially 

00:20:18.960 --> 00:20:22.240
my 30th year that have been using Emacs.

00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:24.640
I think that is the most important,

00:20:24.640 --> 00:20:26.980
most fundamental tool that I use

00:20:26.980 --> 00:20:29.760
day-to-day, from reading email, 

00:20:29.760 --> 00:20:32.480
to doing my teaching, doing my papers,

00:20:32.480 --> 00:20:34.960
my research... it's everything. 

00:20:34.960 --> 00:20:37.039
So thank you all

20:37.039 --> 20:40.799
and I hope that you find this useful.

20:40.799 --> 00:20:42.799
Bye.

00:20:42.799 --> 00:20:43.799
[captions by sachac]