WEBVTT
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Greetings. Salaam. This is Mohsen Banan.
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I am an Iranian software and internet engineer.
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I converted to Emacs in 1986.
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It was Emacs version 17 then.
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By around 1988, when Emacs version 18
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was well in place,
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I started living inside of Emacs.
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My primary digital environment
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has been Emacs ever since.
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It has been a good life.
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I'm a native Farsi speaker and writer.
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I'm not a linguist,
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and I do not specialize in
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multilingualization, internationalization,
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and localization.
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My favorite programming language is Lisp,
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and I am a bit of an Emacs developer.
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This presentation is about use of
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Perso-Arabic Scripts with Emacs.
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It's an overview presentation.
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I won't be digging deep
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in many of the mentioned topics.
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My goal is to make you aware
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of what can be done with Emacs today,
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and the potentials that Emacs presents
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for Perso-Arabic writers.
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The main topics that i'll cover are:
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- a brief introduction to Perso-Arabic scripts
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- two existing Emacs Persian input methods
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- the challenges involved with
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making Emacs applications bidirectional-aware
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- the ultimate goal of creating
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a complete digital environment
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for Perso-Arabic writers
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I'll also be including various pointers.
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So first, let's make sure
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that what I'm presenting
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is of interest to you.
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if you are a Perso-Arabic writer
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and if you use Emacs,
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you're definitely my intended audience.
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If you're an Emacs developer
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who wishes to make her Emacs apps
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multilingual and bidi-aware,
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you're also my intended audience.
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For the purposes of this presentation,
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in this slide, I'm categorizing scripts
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based on directionality and shaping.
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Latin letters are not shaped.
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Generally speaking,
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the shape of a Latin letter
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is independent of its position in a word.
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Perso-Arabic letters are subject to shaping.
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For example the letter mim--
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sounding similar to M--
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takes three shapes depending on whether
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it is in the beginning of a word,
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in the middle of a word,
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or at the end of a word.
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I'll be showing more of how shaping works
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in an Emacs session screencast later.
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Shaping has ramifications
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for Emacs application developers.
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For example, if you are combining
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initial letters to create a label,
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those letters can be shaped together--
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which is not what you want.
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In such cases, you would need to
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explicitly keep them separate.
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Latin-based scripts are always
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left-to-right.
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Perso-Arabic scripts are right-to-left
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with letters, but numbers are left-to-right.
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So, Perso-Arabic scripts
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are bi-directional (BIDI).
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Hebrew is also bi-directional,
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but Hebrew is not shaped.
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More recently, it has become very common
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to mix Perso-Arabic and Latin text.
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This can become very confusing
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if paragraph directionality
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is not properly observed.
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I'll be providing some examples
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as screencasts.
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The Emacs display engine
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now fully and well supports
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both shaping and BIDI.
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Since 2012, starting with Emacs version 24,
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we can say that Emacs
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is a truly multilingual-capable environment.
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Like everything else,
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multilingual support for Emacs
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was added gradually.
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Unicode support was added early on.
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The framework for input methods evolved
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in the 1990s. But it was not till version 24
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in 2012 that the display engine
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could fully support BIDI.
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Hats off to Eli Zaretskii
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for his work on Emacs BIDI.
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Once full BIDI support was in place
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in 2012, I went ahead and added
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two Persian input methods to Emacs 24.
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So now Emacs fully supports
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Perso-Arabic scripts.
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By Perso-Arabic script, we're referring to
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the Arabic writing system
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with various extensions
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used by a large number of languages.
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Perso-Arabic is the second most
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widely used writing system in the world
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by the number of countries.
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It is the third by the number of users
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after the Latin and Chinese scripts.
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So, by well supporting Perso-Arabic,
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Emacs's potential user base
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can be greatly enhanced.
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Before focusing on the Persian input methods,
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let me quickly summarize
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Emacs's input methods model.
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Input methods allow you to enter characters
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that are not supported by your keyboard.
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With Quail maps, we can map ASCII key strings
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to multilingual characters.
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So we can input any text
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from an ASCII keyboard.
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You select an input method
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with C-x RET C-\ .
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We'll try that in a screencast shortly.
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Since version 24, Emacs comes loaded with
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two Persian input methods:
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farsi-isiri-9147 is the standard
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traditional Iranian keyboard.
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farsi-transliterate-banan is an intuitive
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transliteration keyboard for Farsi
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which requires near-zero training for use.
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I'll be mostly focused on
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farsi-transliterate-banan
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in this presentation.
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So let's try this out.
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In this gif-cast, we're going to select
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a Persian input method
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and write a few simple sentences.
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With no training and no documentation,
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any Farsi writer familiar with Emacs
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can write these, as farsi-transliterate-banan
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input method is intuitive.
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I'll be using keycast
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to show you keys as they are used.
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Let me first describe as to what we have
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on the screen.
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There are three windows in one frame.
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Keycast will show commands and keys
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on the mode line.
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The leftmost window is showing
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logs of keycast.
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Transformed individual unshaped letters
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will appear here.
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The middle window is running a tail -f
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on the dribble file piped to fold -w1.
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This lets you see the raw ASCII characters
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as I type them.
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The right window is the empty buffer
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on the ex.fa file.
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Anything that I described here
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can be done with virgin Emacs distribution
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with nothing added,
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but I'm using Blee
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(By* Libre-Halaal Emacs Environment)
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to show things. You don't need to have blee
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for writing the equivalent of the text
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in this gif-cast.
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First, I'm going to select
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the farsi-transliterate-banan.
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I'm entering C-x RET C-\ .
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Notice the mode -ine
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and the prompt at mini-buffer.
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With completion, I'm going to select
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farsi-transliterate-banan.
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Notice that farsi-isiri-9147
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was also provided as a choice.
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Also notice that the letter 'b' appears
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in the left of the mode line of ex.fa.
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This indicates which input method
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has been selected.
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Also notice that cursor is on
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the top left corner of ex.fa.
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Next, I'm going to enter the 's' character.
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Notice the cursor moved to the right,
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and unshaped ’seen’ appeared
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in the ex.fa buffer, on the mode-line,
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and in the keycast log buffer.
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Next, I'm going to enter 'l'.
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Notice ل in the mode-line,
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and notice how س was subjected to shaping.
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Next I'm going to write the letter
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to write the following:
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سلام –حال شما چه طوره؟ –با ایمکس همه کار میشه کرد
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"Hello, how are you?"
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You can do everything with Emacs.
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Generally, same-sounding Latin characters
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are used. As usual, vowels are ignored
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unless called for.
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Notice that in order to get ح,
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i repeated 'h' twice.
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ش
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is the obvious 'sh'.
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چ
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is the obvious 'ch'.
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t, that's the ط is upper case T.
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ت
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is lowercase t.
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That's it. We managed to write in Farsi
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with a QWERTY keyboard, intuitively.
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Next, we are going to switch back to
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globish and write "back to globish".
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Notice that the globish sentence
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started from the left side.
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This is due to proper detection
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of paragraph directionality by Emacs.
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For the most part, Emacs is self-documenting.
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Here we are pointing you to some
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relevant self-contained Emacs resources.
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The BIDI documentation applies to
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all BIDI scripts,
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not just Perso-Arabic scripts.
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Referring to the code
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can also be useful for some.
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Here are some pointers.
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The Quail translation code
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for Persian input methods:
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the persian.el file has full details
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of the mapping and some documentation.
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Next, we'll show the keyboard layouts
00:12:46.639 --> 00:12:51.519
as a gif-cast. You can get
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relevant documentation for any input method
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with the describe-input-method command.
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So, let's try that for farsi-transliterate-banan.
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We are back in the ex.fa buffer
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as one window.
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We don't need the keycast logging
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and the dribble windows any more.
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With the C-\, I reactivate
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the farsi input method.
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Notice that keycast is still active
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on the mode line.
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Next, with the C-h C-\ ,
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I get the input methods documentation.
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I then delete other windows
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and keep the help buffer visible.
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Notice that beh
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in this input methods identifier.
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Here is the URL for full documentation
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on the web. The keyboard layout itself
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is a one-to-one mapping, but towards
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making transliteration intuitive.
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Multiple keys are sometimes mapped to
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the same letter.
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For example, both 'i' and 'y' produce yeh.
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The usual two letter transliterations
14:22.959 --> 00:14:29.600
ending with 'h' -- zh, ch, sh, and kh
00:14:29.600 --> 00:14:34.160
are provided. The ampersand prefix
00:14:34.160 --> 00:14:37.440
is used to support often invisible
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BIDI markings. In addition to this
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internal documentation,
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full documentation is also available.
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Complete documentation
00:14:50.560 --> 00:14:52.240
for Persian input methods
00:14:52.240 --> 00:14:58.560
is available as PLPC-120036.
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Next, we'll take a quick look at this
00:15:00.880 --> 00:15:03.600
on the web.
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You can click on links
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in the reveal web-based form
00:15:07.440 --> 00:15:09.839
of this presentation.
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So let's visit PLPC-120036.
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This document fully describes
00:15:17.600 --> 00:15:20.560
Persian input methods.
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In addition to HTML,
00:15:22.320 --> 00:15:26.079
you can also obtain it in PDF.
00:15:26.079 --> 00:15:30.079
Let's do that. Of particular interest
00:15:30.079 --> 00:15:33.120
in this document are various tables
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that enumerate lists of letters
00:15:35.839 --> 00:15:37.120
with their association
00:15:37.120 --> 00:15:41.839
to both Persian input methods.
15:41.839 --> 15:46.240
Let's take a look at a few of these.
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Table 3, mapping of isiri-6219
15:51.360 --> 15:53.680
(the Farsi character set)
15:53.680 --> 00:15:55.680
to Emacs version input methods
00:15:55.680 --> 00:15:58.720
could be of interest to you,
15:58.720 --> 16:01.040
as well as table 8
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for BIDI-related control markups,
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and table 9, for vowels and other signs.
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Having covered input methods,
00:16:19.759 --> 00:16:21.279
let's turn our attention
00:16:21.279 --> 00:16:25.199
to ramifications of BIDI and Perso-Arabic
00:16:25.199 --> 00:16:28.480
on various Emacs applications.
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Since 2012, I have been using Persian text
00:16:32.160 --> 00:16:35.839
in various Emacs applications.
16:35.839 --> 00:16:38.079
In short, my experience has been
00:16:38.079 --> 00:16:42.399
that most Emacs apps are usable,
16:42.399 --> 16:44.880
but they all have glitches
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that could at a minimum
00:16:47.279 --> 00:16:51.279
annoy Perso-Arabic users.
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In this slide, I'm presenting a summary.
16:54.639 --> 00:16:56.399
The glitches with Gnus
00:16:56.399 --> 00:17:00.079
are not all that significant for me.
17:00.079 --> 17:04.240
BBDB glitches can easily be fixed.
17:04.240 --> 00:17:07.679
For Calendar, I have customized my own setup
00:17:07.679 --> 00:17:10.799
to support Persian and Islamic dates
00:17:10.799 --> 00:17:14.079
in Perso-Arabic. Perhaps they should be
00:17:14.079 --> 00:17:17.039
merged upstream, instead of
00:17:17.039 --> 00:17:19.679
dealing with apps one at a time.
00:17:19.679 --> 00:17:21.439
I think it's more reasonable
00:17:21.439 --> 00:17:25.279
to consider them collectively.
17:25.280 --> 00:17:26.880
The glitches that I mentioned
00:17:26.880 --> 00:17:28.799
in the previous slide
17:28.799 --> 17:30.480
have two routes:
17:30.480 --> 17:32.480
some are BIDI-specific
17:32.480 --> 17:35.919
and some are Perso-Arabic-specific.
17:35.919 --> 00:17:36.720
In this slide,
00:17:36.720 --> 00:17:39.280
I have classified them as such
17:39.280 --> 17:42.960
and have made some general suggestions,
17:42.960 --> 00:17:45.679
but all of these at best amount to
00:17:45.679 --> 00:17:47.679
tactical approaches.
17:47.679 --> 00:17:50.160
I think a more strategic approach
00:17:50.160 --> 00:17:53.519
is called for.
17:53.520 --> 17:56.240
The right way to address BIDI-awareness
17:56.240 --> 17:58.559
and other awarenesses
17:58.559 --> 00:18:00.559
is to build them in frameworks
00:18:00.559 --> 00:18:04.160
that Emacs apps can then use.
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So, I'm proposing that we first create ENML,
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the Emacs Native Markup Language,
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as a Lisp-ish (perhaps even not fully secure)
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super-set of HTML5.
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With that in place, we can then build on
18:22.960 --> 00:18:25.360
the two decades of experience
00:18:25.360 --> 00:18:27.600
that have produced various
00:18:27.600 --> 00:18:31.039
web application development frameworks
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by mimicking one of them.
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I don't have any running code
00:18:35.679 --> 00:18:39.440
for any of these, but discussing strategy
00:18:39.440 --> 00:18:44.639
need not always be futile.
18:44.640 --> 18:47.679
Emacs has immense potentials,
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but those potentials cannot be realized
18:51.120 --> 00:18:54.640
unless we integrate Emacs in the totality
00:18:54.640 --> 00:18:59.840
of a specific complete digital ecosystem.
18:59.840 --> 19:02.000
Over the past two decades, I've been
19:02.000 --> 00:19:03.440
building the contours
00:19:03.440 --> 00:19:06.240
of The Libre-Halaal By* (ByStar)
00:19:06.240 --> 00:19:10.240
digital ecosystem.
19:10.240 --> 19:13.039
Emacs can then be fully integrated into
19:13.039 --> 00:19:16.799
ByStar. It's through such integration
00:19:16.799 --> 00:19:19.679
that full conviviality of Emacs
00:19:19.679 --> 00:19:24.239
can be experienced.
19:24.240 --> 00:19:26.640
Blee, the ByStar Libre-Halaal
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Emacs environment is Emacs
00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:32.720
plus a whole lot of Emacs apps
00:19:32.720 --> 00:19:34.880
integrated with Debian,
00:19:34.880 --> 00:19:38.320
With ByStar services and with BISOS,
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the ByStar Internet Services OS.
19:42.480 --> 00:19:43.600
Perhaps this could be
00:19:43.600 --> 00:19:45.840
the topic of a presentation
00:19:45.840 --> 00:19:46.840
for the 2022 Emacs Conference.
00:19:46.840 --> 00:19:51.559
[captions by Mohsen Banan]
