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hello everyone my name is toniang
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i've been using amax for about 10 years
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today i'm going to talk about 360
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a new imax package that allows ems to
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pass multiple programming languages
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in real time
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so what is the problem statement
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in order to support programming
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functionalities for a particular
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language
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a text editor needs to have some degree
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of language understanding
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traditionally text editors have relied
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very heavily on regular expressions for
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this
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e-max is no different most language
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major modes use
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regular expressions for syntax
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highlighting code navigation
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folding indexing and so on regular
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expressions are
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problematic for a couple of reasons
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they're slow and inaccurate they also
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make
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the code hard to read and write
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sometimes
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it's because the regular expressions
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themselves are very hairy
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and sometimes because they are just not
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powerful enough
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some helper code is usually needed to
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pass more intricate language features
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that also illustrates the core problem
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with regular expressions
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in that they are not powerful enough to
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pass programming languages
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an example feature that regular
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expressions cannot handle very well
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is string interpolation which is a very
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common feature
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in many modern programming languages
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it would be much nicer if image somehow
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had structural understanding of source
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code
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like ides do
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there have been multiple efforts to
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bring this kind of programming language
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understanding into emacs
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there are language specific persons
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written in elise
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they can be thought of as the next
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logical step of the glue code on top
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of tribal expressions moving from
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partial local
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pattern recognition into a full-fledged
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parser
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the most prominent example of this
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approach is probably the famous
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js2 mode
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however this approach has several issues
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parsing is computationally expensive and
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imagine
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is not good at that kind of stuff
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furthermore maintenance is very
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troublesome in order to work on these
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process
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first you have to know at least well
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enough and then you have to be
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comfortable with writing a
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recursive ascendant parser while
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constantly keeping up with changes to
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the language itself
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which can be evolving very quickly like
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javascript for example
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together these constraints significantly
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reduce the pull of potential maintenance
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the biggest issue though in my opinion
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is lack of the set of generic
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and reusable apis this makes them very
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hard to use
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for minor modes that want to deal with
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cross-cutting concerns across multiple
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languages
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the other approach which has been
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gaining a lot of momentum in recent
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years
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is externalizing language understanding
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to another process
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also known as language server protocol
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this second approach is actually a very
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interesting one
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my decoupling language understanding
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from the editing facility itself
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the usb servers can attract a lot more
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contributors
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which makes maintenance easier however
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they also have several issues available
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being a separate process they are
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usually more resource
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intensive and depending on the language
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the usb server itself can bring with it
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a host of additional dependencies
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external to emacs which may message to
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install and manage
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furthermore json over rpc has pretty
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high latency
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for one-off tasks like jumping to source
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or on-demand completion is great
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but for things like code highlighting
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the latency is just too much
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i was using rust and i was following the
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community effort to improve its id
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support
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hoping to integrate some of that into
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emacs itself
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then i heard someone from community
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mention tree sitter
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and i decided to check it out
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basically trisita is an incremental
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parsing library and a parser generator
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it was introduced by the item editor in
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2018
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besides item is also being integrated
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into the neo-vim
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editor and github is using it to power
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their source code analysis and
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navigation features
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it is written in c and can be compiled
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for all
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major platforms it can even be compiled
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to web assembly to run on the web that's
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how github is using it
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on their website
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so why is trisita an interesting
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solution to this problem
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there are multiple features that make it
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an attractive option
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it is designed to be fast by being
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incremental
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the initial parts of a typical big fight
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can take tens of milliseconds
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while subsequent incremental processes
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are sub milliseconds
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it achieves this by using structural
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sharing
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meaning replacing only affected nodes
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in the old tree when it needs to
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also unlike lsp being in the same
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process
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it has much lower latency
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secondly it provides a uniform
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programming interface
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the same data structures and functions
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work on parse trees of different
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languages
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syntax knows of different languages
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differ only by their types
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and their possible child nodes this
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is a big advantage over language
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specific parcels
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thirdly it's written in self-contained
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embeddable c
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as i mentioned previously it can even be
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compiled
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to webassembly this makes integrating it
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into various editors
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quite easy without having to install
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any external dependencies
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one thing that is not mentioned here is
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that being a parcel generator
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scrummers are declarative
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together with being editor independent
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this makes the pool of potential
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contributors
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much larger so i was convinced
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that trisito is a good fit for emacs
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last year i started writing the bindings
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using
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dynamic model support introduced in imax
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25.
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dynamic module means there is platform
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specific native code involved
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but since they are pre-compiled binaries
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for the three major platforms
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it should work in most places currently
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the core functionalities are in a pretty
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good shape
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syntax highlighting is working nicely
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the whole thing is split into three
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packages
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tree sitter is the main package that
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other packages should depend on
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tree system lens is the language bundle
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that includes support
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for most common languages
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and finally the core apis are in the
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package tsc
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which stands for trees the core
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it is the implicit dependency of the
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three-seater package
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the main package includes the miner mode
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3-seater mode
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this provides the base for other major
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or minor modes to build on
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using image change tracking hooks it
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enables
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incremental parsing and provides a
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syntax tree that is always up to date
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after any edits in a buffer
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there is also a basic debug mode that
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shows the parse tree in another buffer
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here is a quick demo
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here i mean an empty python buffer with
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three seater enabled
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i'm going to turn on the debug mode to
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see the parse tree
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since the buffer is empty there is only
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one node in the syntax tree the top
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level module node
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let's try typing some code
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as you can see as i type into the python
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buffer
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the syntax tree updates in real time
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the other minor mode included in the
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main package is 3-seater
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hl mode it overrides font-lock mode and
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provides its own set of phases
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and customization options it is query
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driven
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that means instead of regular
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expressions
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it uses a list like query language to
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map syntax notes
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to highlighting phrases i'm going to
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open a python file with small snippets
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that showcase syntax highlighting
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so this is the default highlighting
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provided by python mode
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this is the highlighting enabled by tree
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sitter
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as you can see string interpolation
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and decorators are highlighted correctly
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function calls are also highlighted
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you can also note that property
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assessors
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and property assignments are highlighted
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differently
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what i like the most about this is that
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new bindings are consistently
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highlighted
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this included local variable
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function parameters and property
0:10:39.760,0:10:42.480
mutations
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before going through the three queries
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and the syntax highlighting
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customization options
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let's take a brief look at the core data
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structures and functions
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that tree sitter provides
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so parsing is done with the help of a
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generic parser object
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a single parser object can be used to
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pass different languages
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by sending different language objects to
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it
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the language objects themselves are
0:11:10.880,0:11:16.079
loaded from shared libraries
0:11:14.079,0:11:17.360
since three seater mode already handles
0:11:16.079,0:11:19.440
the parsing part
0:11:17.360,0:11:20.800
we will instead focus on the functions
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that inspect nodes
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and in the resulting path tree
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we can ask tree sitter what is the
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syntax node at point
0:11:44.240,0:11:48.480
uh is it an opaque object so this is not
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very useful
0:11:48.480,0:11:57.839
we can instead ask what is its type
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so his type is the symbol comparison
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operator
0:12:08.959,0:12:13.680
trees there are two kinds of nodes
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anonymous nodes and named nodes
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anonymous nodes correspond to simple
0:12:15.519,0:12:19.839
grammar elements
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like keywords operators punctuations and
0:12:19.839,0:12:24.160
so on
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name nodes on the other hand grammar
0:12:24.160,0:12:26.639
elements that are interesting enough for
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their own
0:12:26.639,0:12:31.839
to have a name like an identifier an
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expression
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or a function definition
0:12:35.440,0:12:41.519
name node types are symbols while
0:12:37.760,0:12:41.519
anonymous node types are strings
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for example if we are on this
0:12:46.320,0:12:49.519
comparison operator
0:12:49.760,0:12:53.839
the node type should be a string
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we can also get other information about
0:12:57.920,0:13:07.839
the node
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for example what is this text
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or where it is in the buffer
0:13:20.800,0:13:35.839
or what is its parent
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there are many other apis to query or
0:13:46.160,0:13:49.839
not
0:13:46.839,0:13:49.839
properties
0:13:52.639,0:13:58.240
tree sitter allows searching for
0:13:54.399,0:14:01.440
structural patterns within a parse tree
0:13:58.240,0:14:03.519
it does so through a list like language
0:14:01.440,0:14:04.639
this language supports by the matching
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by node types
0:14:04.639,0:14:10.079
field names and predicates
0:14:07.760,0:14:12.639
it also allows capturing nodes for
0:14:10.079,0:14:17.839
further processing
0:14:12.639,0:14:17.839
let's try to see some examples
0:14:37.680,0:14:43.839
so in this very simple query we just
0:14:41.040,0:14:46.399
try to highlight all the identifiers in
0:14:43.839,0:14:46.399
the buffer
0:14:49.040,0:14:53.120
this s side tells trisito to capture a
0:14:51.920,0:14:55.839
node
0:14:53.120,0:14:57.360
in the context of the query builder it's
0:14:55.839,0:15:00.320
not very important
0:14:57.360,0:15:01.760
but in normal highlighting query this
0:15:00.320,0:15:05.920
will determine
0:15:01.760,0:15:05.920
the face used to highlight the note
0:15:06.639,0:15:10.320
suppose we want to capture all the
0:15:08.800,0:15:13.519
function names
0:15:10.320,0:15:27.839
instead of just any identifier
0:15:13.519,0:15:27.839
you can improve the query like this
0:15:29.440,0:15:32.639
uh this will highlight the whole
0:15:31.600,0:15:35.519
definition
0:15:32.639,0:15:36.399
but we only want to capture the function
0:15:35.519,0:15:39.600
name
0:15:36.399,0:15:42.800
which means the identifier
0:15:39.600,0:15:46.320
here so we
0:15:42.800,0:15:48.639
move the capture to after the identifier
0:15:46.320,0:15:48.639
node
0:15:49.600,0:15:52.959
if we want to capture the class names as
0:15:51.759,0:16:09.839
well
0:15:52.959,0:16:09.839
we just add another pattern
0:16:10.079,0:16:14.399
let's look at a more practical example
0:16:20.320,0:16:23.759
here we can see that single quotes
0:16:22.959,0:16:25.600
strings and
0:16:23.759,0:16:27.279
double quotes screens are highlighted
0:16:25.600,0:16:30.399
the same
0:16:27.279,0:16:33.440
but in some places
0:16:30.399,0:16:35.440
because of some coding conventions
0:16:33.440,0:16:37.279
it may be desirable to highlight them
0:16:35.440,0:16:39.680
differently for example if
0:16:37.279,0:16:40.880
the string is single quoted we may want
0:16:39.680,0:16:43.759
to highlight it
0:16:40.880,0:16:43.759
as a constant
0:16:44.399,0:16:47.600
let's try to see whether we can
0:16:46.160,0:16:51.839
distinguish these
0:16:47.600,0:16:51.839
two cases
0:16:56.240,0:17:00.160
so here we get all the strings
0:17:00.639,0:17:04.559
if we want to see if it's single quotes
0:17:04.079,0:17:07.520
or
0:17:04.559,0:17:07.520
double quote strings
0:17:08.799,0:17:12.480
we can try looking at the first
0:17:11.039,0:17:15.280
character
0:17:12.480,0:17:16.720
of the string i mean the first character
0:17:15.280,0:17:19.360
of the note
0:17:16.720,0:17:33.600
to check whether it's a single quote or
0:17:19.360,0:17:36.080
a double quote
0:17:33.600,0:17:36.799
yeah so for that we use the three
0:17:36.080,0:17:40.160
setters
0:17:36.799,0:17:43.360
support for predicate in this case
0:17:40.160,0:17:46.080
we use a match predicate
0:17:43.360,0:17:46.799
to check whether the string where the
0:17:46.080,0:17:50.320
note
0:17:46.799,0:17:51.280
starts with a single quote and with this
0:17:50.320,0:17:55.520
pattern
0:17:51.280,0:17:55.520
we only capture the single quotes
0:17:58.840,0:18:03.760
strings
0:18:00.400,0:18:07.760
let's try to give it a different face
0:18:03.760,0:18:07.760
so we copy the pattern
0:18:13.039,0:18:16.640
and we add this pattern
0:18:18.640,0:18:21.760
pop item only
0:18:25.120,0:18:31.440
but we also want to give the
0:18:28.400,0:18:36.320
capture a different name
0:18:31.440,0:18:36.320
let's say we want to highlight it as a
0:18:40.840,0:18:43.840
keyword
0:18:46.559,0:18:57.840
and now if we refresh the buffer
0:19:06.320,0:19:10.320
we see that single quote strings are
0:19:08.799,0:19:12.880
highlighted as
0:19:10.320,0:19:12.880
keywords
0:19:14.400,0:19:19.200
the highlighting patterns can also be
0:19:16.400,0:19:23.280
set for a single project
0:19:19.200,0:19:23.280
using directory local variable
0:19:23.440,0:19:30.000
for example let's take a look at
0:19:26.880,0:19:30.000
ems source code
0:19:35.760,0:19:43.760
so in image c source there are a lot of
0:19:40.400,0:19:47.679
uses of these different macros
0:19:43.760,0:19:50.400
to define functions
0:19:47.679,0:19:50.400
and you can see
0:19:51.200,0:19:55.760
this is actually the function name but
0:19:53.520,0:19:59.120
it's highlighted as the
0:19:55.760,0:20:03.679
string so what we want
0:19:59.120,0:20:07.600
is to somehow recognize this pattern
0:20:03.679,0:20:11.280
and highlight it
0:20:07.600,0:20:14.559
as highlight this part
0:20:11.280,0:20:17.679
with the function phase instead
0:20:14.559,0:20:20.240
in order to do that
0:20:17.679,0:20:21.760
we put a pattern in this project
0:20:20.240,0:20:24.880
directory local
0:20:21.760,0:20:24.880
settings file
0:20:31.760,0:20:37.760
so we can put this button in the c
0:20:34.799,0:20:37.760
mode section
0:20:40.159,0:20:50.480
and now if we enable tree sitter
0:20:48.000,0:20:52.720
you can see that this is the highlighted
0:20:50.480,0:20:52.720
uh
0:20:53.200,0:20:56.559
as a normal function definition so this
0:20:55.520,0:21:00.400
is the function
0:20:56.559,0:21:00.400
face like we wanted
0:21:01.200,0:21:06.080
the pattern for this is actually pretty
0:21:03.760,0:21:06.080
simple
0:21:07.200,0:21:09.919
it's only
0:21:10.720,0:21:17.440
only this part so
0:21:14.720,0:21:19.679
if it's a function call where the name
0:21:17.440,0:21:21.600
of the function is different
0:21:19.679,0:21:24.159
then we highlight the different as a
0:21:21.600,0:21:24.159
keyword
0:21:24.240,0:21:28.159
and then the first string element we
0:21:27.360,0:21:31.840
highlighted
0:21:28.159,0:21:31.840
as a function name
0:21:35.360,0:21:39.280
since the language objects are actually
0:21:37.679,0:21:40.799
native code
0:21:39.280,0:21:43.440
they have to be compiled for each
0:21:40.799,0:21:45.600
platform that we want to support
0:21:43.440,0:21:48.159
this will become a big obstacle for
0:21:45.600,0:21:50.240
3-seater adoption
0:21:48.159,0:21:52.960
therefore i've created a language window
0:21:50.240,0:21:54.960
package 3-seater length
0:21:52.960,0:21:56.320
that takes care of pre-compiling the
0:21:54.960,0:21:59.679
grammars the
0:21:56.320,0:22:01.600
most common grammars for all three major
0:21:59.679,0:22:04.080
platforms
0:22:01.600,0:22:05.360
it also takes care of distributing these
0:22:04.080,0:22:08.080
binaries
0:22:05.360,0:22:11.280
and provides some highlighting queries
0:22:08.080,0:22:11.280
for some of the languages
0:22:11.440,0:22:15.919
it should be noted that this package
0:22:13.760,0:22:19.520
should be treated as a temporary
0:22:15.919,0:22:19.520
distribution mechanism only
0:22:19.919,0:22:24.720
to help with bootstrapping three-seaters
0:22:22.240,0:22:27.760
adoption
0:22:24.720,0:22:29.760
the plan is that eventually these files
0:22:27.760,0:22:32.480
should be provided by the language major
0:22:29.760,0:22:35.120
modes themselves
0:22:32.480,0:22:36.320
but in order to do that we need better
0:22:35.120,0:22:40.240
tooling
0:22:36.320,0:22:42.559
so we're not there yet
0:22:40.240,0:22:43.280
since the call already works reasonably
0:22:42.559,0:22:44.640
well
0:22:43.280,0:22:46.320
there are several areas that would
0:22:44.640,0:22:48.960
benefit from the community's
0:22:46.320,0:22:48.960
contribution
0:22:49.120,0:22:52.640
so three seaters upstream language
0:22:51.520,0:22:54.400
prepositories
0:22:52.640,0:22:55.679
already contain highlighting queries on
0:22:54.400,0:22:58.480
their own
0:22:55.679,0:23:00.480
however they are pretty basic and they
0:22:58.480,0:23:02.559
may not fit well with existing emax
0:23:00.480,0:23:04.320
conventions
0:23:02.559,0:23:07.120
therefore the language bundle has its
0:23:04.320,0:23:10.559
own set of highlighting queries
0:23:07.120,0:23:11.600
this requires maintenance until language
0:23:10.559,0:23:13.760
measurements adopt
0:23:11.600,0:23:16.240
three sitter and maintain the queries on
0:23:13.760,0:23:16.240
their own
0:23:16.640,0:23:22.000
the queries are actually quite easy to
0:23:18.480,0:23:24.240
write as you've already seen
0:23:22.000,0:23:25.360
you just need to be familiar with the
0:23:24.240,0:23:30.000
language
0:23:25.360,0:23:32.880
familiar enough to come up with sensible
0:23:30.000,0:23:32.880
highlighting patterns
0:23:35.200,0:23:39.679
and if you are a maintainer of a
0:23:37.600,0:23:42.320
language major mode
0:23:39.679,0:23:43.360
you may want to consider integrating
0:23:42.320,0:23:46.960
tree sitter into
0:23:43.360,0:23:50.080
your mode initially maybe as an
0:23:46.960,0:23:53.279
optional feature the integration is
0:23:50.080,0:23:56.640
actually pretty straightforward
0:23:53.279,0:24:00.880
especially for syntax highlighting
0:23:56.640,0:24:00.880
or alternatively
0:24:01.520,0:24:04.640
you can also try writing a new major
0:24:03.760,0:24:08.000
mode
0:24:04.640,0:24:11.360
from scratch that relies on tree sitter
0:24:08.000,0:24:11.360
from the very beginning
0:24:12.559,0:24:19.679
the code for such a major mode is
0:24:16.320,0:24:23.200
quite simple for example
0:24:19.679,0:24:26.240
this is the proposed
0:24:23.200,0:24:30.720
what mode for web assembly
0:24:26.240,0:24:30.720
the code is just
0:24:31.039,0:24:37.120
like one page of code not
0:24:34.559,0:24:37.120
not a lot
0:24:39.520,0:24:46.559
you can also try writing new minor modes
0:24:42.720,0:24:50.080
or writing integration packages
0:24:46.559,0:24:50.880
for example a lot of package a lot of
0:24:50.080,0:24:54.559
packages
0:24:50.880,0:24:58.840
may benefit from tree sitter integration
0:24:54.559,0:25:01.840
but no one has written the integration
0:24:58.840,0:25:01.840
yet
0:25:02.960,0:25:06.720
if you are interested in 3-seater you
0:25:05.039,0:25:10.320
can use these links to
0:25:06.720,0:25:11.440
learn more about it i think that's it
0:25:10.320,0:25:18.159
for me today
0:25:11.440,0:25:18.159
i'm happy to answer any questions
