[[!meta title="Captioning tips"]] [[!meta copyright="Copyright © 2021, 2022 Sacha Chua"]] Captions are great for making videos (especially technical ones!) easier to understand and search. If you see a talk that you'd like to caption, feel free to download it and start working on it with your favourite subtitle editor. Let me know what you pick by e-mailing me at so that I can update the backstage index and try to avoid duplication of work. [Find talks that need captions here](https://emacsconf.org/help_with_main_captions). You can also help by [adding chapter markers to Q&A sessions](https://emacsconf.org/help_with_chapter_markers). You're welcome to work with captions using your favourite tool. We've been using to caption things as VTT or SRT in Emacs, often starting with autogenerated captions from OpenAI Whisper or WhisperX (the .vtt file backstage). We'll be posting VTT files so that they can be included by the HTML5 video player (demo: ), so if you use a different tool that produces another format, any format that can be converted into that one (like SRT or ASS) is fine. `subed` has a `subed-convert` command that might be useful for turning WebVTT files into tab-separated values (TSV) and back again, if you prefer a more concise format. You can e-mail me the subtitles when you're done, and then I can merge it into the video. You might find it easier to start with the autogenerated captions and then refer to the video or any resources provided by the speaker in order to figure out spelling. Sometimes speakers provide pretty complete scripts, which is great, but they also tend to add extra words. # Edit the VTT to fix misrecognized words The first step is to edit misrecognized words. VTT files are plain text, so you can edit them with regular `text-mode` if you want to. If you're editing subtitles within Emacs, [subed](https://github.com/sachac/subed) can conveniently synchronize video playback with subtitle editing, which makes it easier to figure out technical words. subed tries to load the video based on the filename, but if it can't find it, you can use `C-c C-v` (`subed-mpv-find-media`) to play a file or `C-c C-u` to play a URL. Look for misrecognized words and edit them. We also like to change things to follow Emacs keybinding conventions (C-c instead of Control C). We sometimes spell out acronyms on first use or add extra information in brackets. The captions will be used in a transcript as well, so you can add punctuation, remove filler words, and try to make it read better. Sometimes you may want to tweak how the captions are split. You can use `M-j` (`subed-jump-to-current-subtitle`) to jump to the caption if I'm not already on it, listen for the right spot, and maybe use `M-SPC` to toggle playback. Use `M-.` (`subed-split-subtitle`) to split a caption at the current MPV playing position and `M-m` (`subed-merge-with-next`) to merge a subtitle with the next one. If you don't understand a word or phrase, add two question marks (`[??]`) and move on. We'll ask the speakers to review the subtitles and can sort that out then. If there are multiple speakers, you can indicate switches between speakers with a `[speaker-name]:` tag, or just leave it plain. Once you've gotten the hang of things, it might take between 1x to 4x the video time to edit captions. # Subtitle timing Times don't need to be very precise. If you notice that the times are way out of whack and it's getting in the way of your subtitling, we can adjust the times using the [aeneas forced alignment tool](https://www.readbeyond.it/aeneas/ and `subed-align`). ## Splitting and merging subtitles If you want to split and merge subtitles, you can use `M-.` (`subed-split-subtitle`) and `M-m` (`subed-merge-dwim`). If the playback position is in the current subtitle, splitting will use the playback position. If it isn't, it will guess an appropriate time based on characters per second for the current subtitle. ## Splitting with word-level timing data If there is a `.json` or `.srv2` file with word-level timing data, you can load it with `subed-word-data-load-from-file` from `subed-word-data.el` in the subed package. You can then split with the usual `M-.` (`subed-split-subtitle`), and it should use word-level timestamps when available. # Playing your subtitles together with the video MPV should automatically load subtitle files if they're in the same directory as the video. To load a specific subtitle file in MPV, you can use the `--sub-file=` or `--sub-files=` command-line argument. If you're using subed, the video should autoplay if it's named the same as your subtitle file. If not, you can use `C-c C-v` (`subed-mpv-play-from-file`) to load the video file. You can toggle looping over the current subtitle with `C-c C-l` (`subed-toggle-loop-over-current-subtitle`), synchronizing player to point with `C-c ,` (`subed-toggle-sync-player-to-point`), and synchronizing point to player with `C-c .` (`subed-toggle-sync-point-to-player`). # Starting from a script Some talks don't have autogenerated captions, or you may prefer to start from scratch. Whenever the speaker has provided a script, you can use that as a starting point. One way is to start by making a VTT file with one subtitle spanning the whole video, like this: ```text WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 -> 00:39:07.000 If the speaker provided a script, I usually put the script under this heading. ``` If you're using subed, you can move to the point to a good stopping point for a phrase, use `M-SPC` to toggle pausing `M-.` (`subed-split-subtitle`) when the player reaches that point. If it's too fast, use `M-j` to repeat the current subtitle. # Starting from scratch One option is to send us a text file with just the text transcript in it and not worry about the timestamps. We can figure out the timing using [aeneas for forced alignment](https://www.readbeyond.it/aeneas/). If you want to try timing as you go, you might find it easier to start by making a VTT file with one subtitle spanning the whole video (either using the video duration or a very large duration), like this: ```text WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 -> 24:00:00.000 ``` Use `C-c C-p` (`subed-toggle-pause-while-typing`) to automatically pause when typing. Then start playback with `M-SPC` and type, using `M-.` (`subed-split-subtitle`) to split after a reasonable length for a subtitle. If it's too fast, use `M-j` to repeat the current subtitle or adjust `subed-mpv-plackback-speed`. # Chapter markers In addition to the captions, you may also want to add chapter markers. An easy way to do that is to add a =NOTE Chapter heading= before the subtitle that starts the chapter. For example: ```text ... 00:05:13.880 --> 00:05:20.119 So yeah, like that's currently the problem. NOTE Embeddings 00:05:20.120 --> 00:05:23.399 So I want to talk about embeddings. ... ``` We can then extract those with `emacsconf-subed-make-chapter-file-based-on-comments`. For an example of how chapter markers allow people to quickly navigate videos, see . Please let us know if you need any help! Sacha