WEBVTT captioned by sachac, checked by sachac

NOTE Introduction

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Hi, I'm Austin Theriault,

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and this is writing a language server in OCaml

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for Emacs, fun, and profit.

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Real quick, who am I?

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Well, I'm a software engineer at Semgrep.

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I work on our editor integrations,

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and I love working on programming languages, editors,

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and cryptography.

NOTE What is Semgrep?

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What is Semgrep?

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We're a small cybersecurity startup

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whose core product is a SaaS tool,

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which is static application security testing.

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You can think of it as like a security linter.

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Normal linters will say, hey,

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you wrote ugly code, fix it.

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We'll say, hey, you wrote a SQL injection, fix that.

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We support 30+ languages,

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and we have lots of customers all using different IDEs.

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Why does that matter?

NOTE How do we show security bugs early?

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Well, our goal is to show security bugs

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as early as possible in the development cycle.

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In the industry, we call this shifting left.

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And so how far left can we shift? The editor.

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So that's why it matters

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that our customers have different editors.

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Our goal is to have Semgrep and the editor

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show up like other language tooling.

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And what I mean by that is I wrote some bad OCaml up here,

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and the editor gave me that red squiggly and said,

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fix your OCaml, and we want Semgrep to do something similar.

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And so our goal then is to provide a similar experience

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to normal language checking.

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And then since we're a small startup,

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and there's a ton of different IDEs that our customers use,

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ideally, we don't want to have to rewrite a plugin

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for every single type of editor out there.

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Our other goal is abstract away

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editing and language features for editors to one code base.

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Ideally, we write it once

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and then plug it into all of them.

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So how can we do that, though?

NOTE What is the Language Server Protocol?

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Well, in the process of working on this stuff,

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I found out about

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the Language Server Protocol.

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And what's great about the Language Server Protocol is

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it's a specification that defines all the ways

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that these language tools might interact

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with a development tool. And by development tool,

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I mean like VS Code, Sublime, Emacs, any of those.

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And by language tool, I mean something like PyRight, MyPy.

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So what's cool about LSP is that

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you can separate out those tools into language servers

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and the development tools into language clients.

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And because they share this common specification,

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they can now interact without knowing each other.

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So it's this great abstraction that means

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all you have to do is go write one language server

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and you can hook it up to a bunch of language clients

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and it'll just work.

NOTE Case study: Rust Analyzer

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So let's do a quick case study on language servers in LSP,

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just so you get an idea of why this is super cool.

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So there's this language server called Rust Analyzer.

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It's a language server for the Rust language.

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If you've ever developed in Rust,

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you'll know that takes a really long time to compile,

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but the compiler gives you fantastic feedback.

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Rust has a lot of advanced language features,

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so that feedback is super important for developing.

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And so Rust Analyzer will give you that feedback instantly.

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Here's a ton of things that it gives you.

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Code completion, fixes, compiler errors, warnings,

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type signatures. Rust has a pretty strong type system.

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It also has this thing called lifetimes.

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A bunch of advanced language features in Rust Analyzer

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helps you manage all that

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and gives you all that info

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without having to wait for it to compile.

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Developing with the Rust Analyzer

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is just orders of magnitude easier

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than just trying to write Rust straight.

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Rust Analyzer, fantastic. They went and they developed it,

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and now you can go use that in Emacs, NeoVim,

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VS Code, wherever.

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So you can develop Rust in a way that's relatively efficient

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without having to give up your favorite editor.

NOTE Rust Analyzer in action

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So here's a quick little demo

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of all the cool things it can do.

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So you can see I typed an error.

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It tells me that I wrote an error.

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I used the incorrect lifetime,

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which is some advanced language feature,

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and it'll let me know that.

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I expanded a Rust macro just there,

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which is similar to Lisp macros,

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and then I ran a single unit test,

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and that's really cool because I ran a single unit test

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from my editor.

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I didn't have to go and type any commands or anything.

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It just worked.

NOTE Why is this useful?

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So why is this just useful in general for a user?

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Well, you get the same experience across editors.

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Like I was saying, you don't have to give up

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one editor for another

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so you get some sort of cool language feature.

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You can easily set up and use language servers

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made for other editors

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if developers don't support your editor of choice.

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Performance is not dependent on the editor.

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That's fantastic because to do all that Rust stuff,

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it takes a lot of CPU power,

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and so that's going to be slow

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if your editor language is not great, not fast.

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And then bug fixes, updates, all that,

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it all comes out at the same time.

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And then from the developer perspective, well,

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adding new editors is quick and easy.

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For reference, when I wrote the Semgrep language server,

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it took me maybe two or three weeks,

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but then actually going and setting it up for VS Code,

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that took an hour. For Emacs, 30 minutes.

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IntelliJ, maybe another hour.

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So it took me a day to add support

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for three different editors,

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which was I think something like 75% of the market share

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or something crazy like that.

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So very quick. You only need one mental model.

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You don't have to figure out

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all these different extension mental models,

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how those editors work, anything like that.

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And another thing that's cool is

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you only have to write tests for the language server,

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not necessarily for the editor.

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It's great to have just one set of tests

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that you have to pass.

NOTE So what about Emacs?

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So why does a language server protocol matter with Emacs?

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Well, like I was saying before,

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Emacs gets the benefit from work put into other editors.

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So we get all this language support,

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and no one actually has to go and write the list for it

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or write those tools specific to Emacs.

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You get the language tooling,

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the CPU-intensive part of the editors.

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It can be written in something else.

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Lisp is fast. It's not that fast.

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Having that speed is fantastic. It's all asynchronous.

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It won't slow down Emacs.

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And then there's this package called `lsp-mode`,

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which is an LSP client commonly included

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in popular Emacs distributions.

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So a lot of people already have that.

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If you're using Emacs 29 or greater, you have `eglot-mode`,

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which is a lighter weight version of `lsp-mode`.

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It's just another LSP client.

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When I wrote the Semgrep language server,

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Emacs 29 hadn't come out yet.

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I'm not going to talk too much about `eglot-mode`

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because I did everything in `lsp-mode`,

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but I would imagine a lot of this stuff is very similar.

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Here's a list of some supported languages.

NOTE Technical part - Brief communication overview

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Now let's get into the technical part.

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How does LSP actually work?

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So let's go over how it communicates first.

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It uses JSONRPC,

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which is just kind of like HTTP,

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but instead of sending plain text, you're sending JSON.

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So it's just sending JSON back and forth.

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It's great because it's a way

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for two programs to communicate

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without sharing a common programming language.

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Transport platform agnostic,

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so it could be stdin, stdout,

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sockets, whatever. It's just JSON.

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You can send it over whatever.

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There's two different types of messages,

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a request, which requires a response from the other party,

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and a notification, which does not expect a response.

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So just a quick little example,

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a user might open a document,

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and then it'll send like a text document did open

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and what document it was to the language server,

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and then they'll change it.

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Maybe they edit some code and introduce a syntax error.

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The changes will be sent to the language server,

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and then the language server will publish diagnostics,

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which is those red squigglies

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I was talking about earlier,

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and say, hey, syntax error or whatever here,

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or maybe the user says,

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I want to go to the definition of this function,

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and then the language server will spit back,

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hey, this is where that function lives.

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All very useful,

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and the communication is relatively simple,

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which is great.

NOTE Example request

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This is what it looks like, what a request looks like.

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Notifications look somewhat similar.

NOTE LSP capabilities

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So now we know how LSP communication works,

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but how does the actual protocol work?

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Well, almost all of the protocol is opt-in,

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meaning you don't have to support the entire specification,

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you can just pick and choose.

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Servers and clients will then communicate

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what part of the protocol they both support,

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so they'll both say, hey,

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we support being notified when a user opens a document,

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or if they're looking for documentation.

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And so then once they agree upon what they'll both support,

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then they'll send that stuff,

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those notifications and requests back and forth.

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Things like opening and closing files, diagnostics,

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code completion, hovering over stuff, type signatures,

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all of that. And what's cool is

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even though the specification is huge

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and probably has everything you need,

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you can go ahead and add custom capabilities

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if you really want to.

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So you can just define a custom method,

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and then now that works for you,

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and now you can have that in all your editors.

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For example, Rust Analyzer

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has structural search and replace,

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which is like find and replace,

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but with respect to the structure of the code.

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And if you choose to go down this route

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with the custom capabilities,

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you do have to remember you're going to have to

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implement it in every client.

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And that's a little bit more work,

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but it's better than where we were without LSP.

NOTE Tips on writing a LS

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So some quick tips on writing a language server.

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I'm not going to get too into this

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because it's very application-specific.

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I wrote Semgrep's in OCaml

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since our code base was almost all OCaml already,

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and I wanted to leverage that.

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Would not recommend

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unless you also have a code base all in OCaml.

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Structure is similar to a Rust server,

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so a bunch of independent endpoints.

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I would do everything functionally if I were you.

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This is EmacsConf.

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We're all hopefully used to writing functional Lisp.

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I would recommend TypeScript or Rust, though,

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depending on your level of performance

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that you really need or whatever language

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you're trying to support ideally.

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Most languages have

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some sort of language server protocol already.

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But if they don't, then it might be easier

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to do it in that language.

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TypeScript has a lot of support, a lot of documentation,

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a lot of examples out there

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because it was what Microsoft originally intended

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the language server protocol to be for, for VS Code,

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which is written in TypeScript.

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Rust is fast, it's going to take more effort,

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but it's very fast, and Rust Analyzer has a great library

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that they use and that they support.

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So support there, examples there are great.

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The hard part is not really the language server protocol,

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but the actual logic. So, like, if you're doing, like,

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language tooling, you're going to have to do

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analysis on the code, so you need to do parsing,

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possibly compiling, all these different advanced features,

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all these advanced different things.

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For example, Rust Analyzer will do incremental compilation,

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which is really, really cool,

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but that's, like, a whole separate talk.

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If you're adapting an existing language tool,

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this stuff is really easy.

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You're basically just wiring stuff up.

NOTE Supporting a LS through LSP mode in Emacs

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But, yeah. So, now we know all about

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LSP and language servers.

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Say you want to actually

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add support for a language server in Emacs.

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How do you do that? Well, let's look at LSP mode,

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because, like I said, this is what I'm most familiar with.

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I'm sure `eglot-mode` is pretty similar.

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So, `lsp-mode`'s repository is on GitHub,

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like everything, and it has a ton of different clients

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for a ton of different languages and frameworks and tools,

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like Semgrep, and these are available

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to anyone who installs LSP mode.

00:11:39.740 --> 00:11:42.239
Alternatively, you can make a separate package

00:11:42.240 --> 00:11:43.679
and just use LSP mode as a library,

00:11:43.680 --> 00:11:45.479
but I'm not going to focus on this,

00:11:45.480 --> 00:11:47.879
because there's already a ton of resources out there

00:11:47.880 --> 00:11:50.799
on packaging and Emacs.

00:11:50.800 --> 00:11:54.559
So, our steps, very quickly, are going to look like

00:11:54.560 --> 00:11:58.299
adding an Emacs Lisp file that contains some logic,

00:11:58.300 --> 00:12:01.319
add an entry somewhere, so we added a new client

00:12:01.320 --> 00:12:03.719
to the list of clients, and then do some documentation,

00:12:03.720 --> 00:12:05.999
because documentation's great.

NOTE Create a client

00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:07.639
First, creating a client.

00:12:07.640 --> 00:12:09.639
In the `clients/` folder in `lsp-mode/`,

00:12:09.640 --> 00:12:12.919
literally just add, like, `lsp-` whatever it is,

00:12:12.920 --> 00:12:15.759
`require` the library, and register a client.

00:12:15.760 --> 00:12:18.039
Registering a client just means, like,

00:12:18.040 --> 00:12:19.559
saying what kind of connection it is.

00:12:19.560 --> 00:12:21.479
It's most likely going to be standard I/O,

00:12:21.480 --> 00:12:24.359
because that's pretty easy to implement,

00:12:24.360 --> 00:12:26.839
and then you just pass it the executable

00:12:26.840 --> 00:12:29.559
that you actually want to run.

00:12:29.560 --> 00:12:31.719
Say what the activation function is,

00:12:31.720 --> 00:12:33.319
so this is when the client should start,

00:12:33.320 --> 00:12:36.239
so you can specify the language

00:12:36.240 --> 00:12:38.279
or the major mode or whatever,

00:12:38.760 --> 00:12:43.099
and now your client will start whenever that's triggered,

00:12:43.100 --> 00:12:45.639
and then finally provide just a server ID,

00:12:45.640 --> 00:12:48.579
so that way it's easy to keep track of,

00:12:48.580 --> 00:12:52.759
and then run this LSP consistency check function.

00:12:52.760 --> 00:12:56.579
This just makes sure everything up there is good.

00:12:56.580 --> 00:12:59.519
You can do more advanced stuff with making an LSP client

00:12:59.520 --> 00:13:01.199
that I'm not going to get into,

00:13:01.200 --> 00:13:03.799
but just know that these aren't your only options,

00:13:03.800 --> 00:13:07.299
and then finally provide your client.

NOTE Add to list of client packages

00:13:07.300 --> 00:13:09.799
Next, you just have to add your client

00:13:09.800 --> 00:13:12.159
to the list of clients that `lsp-mode` supports,

00:13:12.160 --> 00:13:15.639
and now you've added support for a whole new language,

00:13:15.640 --> 00:13:17.719
whole new framework, whole new tool to Emacs,

00:13:17.720 --> 00:13:20.219
and it's taking you, what, like, what is that,

00:13:20.220 --> 00:13:23.639
20 lines of Lisp? No, not even, like, 15.

00:13:23.640 --> 00:13:26.639
15 lines of Lisp, whole new language for Emacs.

00:13:26.640 --> 00:13:31.599
It's really exciting. Now that you have your client,

00:13:31.600 --> 00:13:35.119
let's do some documentation. Go fill out this, like, name,

00:13:35.120 --> 00:13:37.919
where the repository, the source code is,

00:13:37.920 --> 00:13:39.599
because free software is great,

00:13:39.600 --> 00:13:42.179
and you should open source your stuff.

00:13:42.180 --> 00:13:44.199
Specify the installation command.

00:13:44.200 --> 00:13:45.399
What's cool about this is

00:13:45.400 --> 00:13:48.059
this can be run automatically from Emacs,

00:13:48.060 --> 00:13:50.319
so if it's, like, `pip install pyright`, right,

00:13:50.320 --> 00:13:53.399
you can put that there, and Emacs will ask you,

00:13:53.400 --> 00:13:55.279
do you want to install the language server,

00:13:55.280 --> 00:13:56.199
and you can hit yes

00:13:56.200 --> 00:13:59.539
and users will just have it installed for them,

00:13:59.540 --> 00:14:01.879
and then you can say whether or not it's a debugger.

00:14:01.880 --> 00:14:03.159
This is completely separate,

00:14:03.160 --> 00:14:05.119
so there's this thing called DAP,

00:14:05.120 --> 00:14:07.319
which is the debugger adapter protocol,

00:14:07.320 --> 00:14:09.679
and it's similar to LSP but for debuggers,

00:14:09.680 --> 00:14:11.679
which is very cool,

NOTE Add documentation!

00:14:11.680 --> 00:14:14.599
and then finally link to your documentation.

00:14:14.600 --> 00:14:17.879
Please, please document your stuff.

NOTE Adding commands and custom capabilities

00:14:17.880 --> 00:14:20.479
If you want to add, like, a custom Emacs function

00:14:20.480 --> 00:14:22.679
or custom capabilities, it's super easy.

00:14:22.680 --> 00:14:27.639
It's literally just, like, calling a normal Emacs function.

00:14:27.640 --> 00:14:30.559
For example, Semgrep normally only scans files

00:14:30.560 --> 00:14:34.199
when you open them, but we added a Emacs function

00:14:34.200 --> 00:14:36.719
that will scan your entire project, right,

00:14:36.720 --> 00:14:40.959
and so that was just a client notification.

00:14:40.960 --> 00:14:44.119
It was just `lsp-notify` and then a custom method,

00:14:44.120 --> 00:14:46.719
and it's great because now you can just scan your project

00:14:46.720 --> 00:14:48.719
from a simple Emacs function.

00:14:48.720 --> 00:14:52.119
Requests, very similar to notifications.

00:14:52.120 --> 00:14:56.079
You send it and then pass it a lambda

00:14:56.080 --> 00:14:58.459
and do something with the result,

00:14:58.460 --> 00:15:01.359
and so that's adding custom capabilities.

NOTE Thanks for listening

00:15:01.360 --> 00:15:04.319
That's pretty much it. Thank you for listening.

00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:05.639
Some resources here.

00:15:05.640 --> 00:15:08.239
These links are clickable if you get the PDF,

00:15:08.240 --> 00:15:10.919
if you get the slides. Semgrep: we're hiring!

00:15:10.920 --> 00:15:12.119
If you want to work on, like,

00:15:12.120 --> 00:15:13.719
programming language theory stuff,

00:15:13.720 --> 00:15:18.119
compilers, parsers, editors,

00:15:18.120 --> 00:15:22.119
email me or go look at our jobs.

00:15:22.120 --> 00:15:25.119
The LSP specification, this is, like, the holy Bible.

00:15:25.120 --> 00:15:28.339
It has all the specs, all the types, everything.

00:15:28.340 --> 00:15:30.419
`lsp-mode` and the docs.

00:15:30.420 --> 00:15:33.279
`lsp-mode`, right, that's where you want to add your client.

00:15:33.280 --> 00:15:36.099
The docs are great, super useful.

00:15:36.100 --> 00:15:38.079
Rust Analyzer is just a great reference

00:15:38.080 --> 00:15:39.919
for language servers in general

00:15:39.920 --> 00:15:42.119
if you want to write one or if you just want to, like,

00:15:42.120 --> 00:15:45.399
see how they work. It's all just really well done.

00:15:45.400 --> 00:15:47.039
It's great code, very readable.

00:15:47.040 --> 00:15:50.479
And then down here is just a long video tutorial,

00:15:50.480 --> 00:15:54.699
a longer video tutorial, not by me,

00:15:54.700 --> 00:15:58.439
by someone else, on how to add a language client to Emacs,

00:15:58.440 --> 00:16:00.679
but hopefully this is sufficient for y'all,

00:16:01.480 --> 00:16:03.920
and now it's time for some Q&A.