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hello

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welcome to readme driven design in Emacs

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by adam aard

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if you're a programmer you're accustomed

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to putting a readme file at the root of

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your project

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and it's usually a markdown file but if

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you use an org

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more an org mode file instead you can

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take advantage of the great features

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that org mode provides including

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literate programming

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which lets you generate your source code

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and markdown documentation dynamically

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I want to walk you through a little bit

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of what this looks like

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when you start a project especially if

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if you use something like github you

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begin with an automatically generated

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readme.md file so just delete that

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and instead create a readme.org file

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starting with an empty org file like you

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see here you can begin

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by recording important information about

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your project goals you can add diagrams

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code snippets to-do lists time tracking

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and much more

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I'm going to drop in some documentation

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that I r that I've written about

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about my project here so you can kind of

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see

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what this would look like

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so as you can see I have a title and a

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description and then a sub section

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as well as some code snippets

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and you can see that orgmo does a great

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job of formatting lists and

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code sections diagrams and so forth

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it's good or it's as good or better than

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markdown

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but when you use it in the Emacs you can

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do a lot more

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for example you can dynamically create

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diagrams using graphviz

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from a text description so if you go to

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this source block here

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and hit control c control c you'll see

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that we generate a

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diagram dynamically you can run

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so you can run these code snippets in

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place and get the results

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to show up inside of your your file

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which is a really powerful paradigm

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but most important most importantly for

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the

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purposes my purpose is here

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orgmo provides you the ability to do

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literate programming

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so take a quick look at this diagram

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that I generated here

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and gives you a quick overview of what I

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mean by literate programming

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and how I'm using it you can see

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that we start with a readme.org file on

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top

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at this point we can do one of two

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things

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tangle or weave tangle is used to

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describe the process of

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generating source code while weave

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is the process of generating

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documentation these are terms that

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donald knuth used

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and he's the one that came up with the

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idea of literate programming

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in the early 1980s

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but this is really all that there is to

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it you just

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who are simply using literate illiterate

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source file

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in this case the readme.org to generate

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the rest of the project

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the rest of the project files basically

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so let's dig in to the details of how

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this works

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and I hope you hopefully you'll see how

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cool this is

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so returning to the file here let's

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assume we have enough documentation now

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that we want to get started

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coding so maybe we'll just start with

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like a hello world

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app just so we can make sure that our

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environment is set up correctly

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so let's get started with a code block

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so I created a little snippet to help me

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add

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a source block for literate programming

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quickly

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and there's not much to it

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but there is some important annotations

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here so there's

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excuse me there's a there's a property

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called tangle

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and that takes a value of a file name

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and then there's also a no web property

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called no export

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and basically

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basically the no export will explain

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that a little bit

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more later um it has has to do with how

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the tangling

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is uh done in the tangle step versus the

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weave step and I'll explain that a

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little bit more but the tangle

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field just simply tells tells uh

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Emacs where it needs to generate the

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main.go file and where it needs to put

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it on the file system

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uh you'll you'll notice that we we're

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going to use go

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that's just the language that I've been

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using

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the most lately uh but

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this programming strategy is language

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agnostic

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you could use any language or any mix

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of languages you could create some files

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in python some files and go

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some files in in lisp or whatever you

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want

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and so but let's

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uh let's create just a little hello

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world

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let's use another snippet here to

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generate

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the basics of a go program

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so I'm just going to print

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hello world

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so that's and then

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let's make it a section in our

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file so now you can see we've got this

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snippet

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um when you have a source block in

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inside of org mode you can easily pop

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into a

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language specific buffer by typing

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control c single quote

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so you can see now I have a a go a

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buffer that's in go mode

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and gives you all the ability to edit

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like you would

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normally if you hit ctrl c

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single quote again then it goes back and

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any changes you

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make would will be updated there but you

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can do quite a bit

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just inside of here too there's quite a

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bit of

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language specific

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functionality just in place and so you

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don't always have to go over to a

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separate buffer

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but it's a it's a nice option sometimes

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but now that you have the code in here

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you're going to want to run it

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but right now it just lives here in this

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documentation

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so you need to get a copy of it into a

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separate file

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and that's the tangle process that you

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you need to follow there so I'm gonna

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drop in a little bit more doc a little

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bit more

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documentation really quick here

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okay all right so just kind of as a

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kind of as a side note I like to follow

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this process uh whenever having whenever

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I have an operation to perform I

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I'd like to document it here with a

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snippet that can be executed in line

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then I don't have to leave org mode and

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I don't have to try to remember what I

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did later so instead of just

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trying to do an operation the first time

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I do something I take the

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take the time to figure out what it is

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and document it and so then it's

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recorded

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and so here we find that to do a tangle

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operation

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you run the command or babel tangled

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which is a

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e-list command so if you hit ctrl c

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ctrl c to run it in place you get the

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result

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of main dot go which basically is

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telling us that

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we've tangled one file called main.go

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and you can see that that's true

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if you go to the file system and you

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look

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so now in uh in our demo directory

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we have a readme.org we have that png

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that we generated but we also have a

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main.go

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and if you if you visit that file you'll

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see that it's just the source code that

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was in our documentation which is

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exactly what we expected and what we

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wanted so that's good

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so if we return to

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to where we are at

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now we're we're at the point where we

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have a file on the file system so now we

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need

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um now we need to build it and to

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run it so let's follow the same

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philosophy where let's document

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these operations that we're going to

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perform

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so I'm dropping in a

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a build instruction section and a run

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instruction section

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so as you can see here we have a little

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a bash source block

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and another batch source block this one

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compiles the go build command is what

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compiles a file and then

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the file that gets generated should be

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called demo

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and uh so we just run it here so if if I

0:09:32.959,0:09:37.839
type control c

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control c we get an empty results block

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when you compile things no news is good

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news

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so it means there's no errors so

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presumably we've created an executable

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that's called demo

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so let's uh

0:09:51.440,0:09:57.519
let's look again at the file system and

0:09:54.560,0:09:57.519
regenerate

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yep and what we have here is a demo

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executable which is exactly what we

0:10:07.200,0:10:12.079
wanted

0:10:07.760,0:10:14.160
so let's go back

0:10:12.079,0:10:16.079
so now we should be able to run it so

0:10:14.160,0:10:20.320
ctrl c ctrl c

0:10:16.079,0:10:20.320
and we get hello world as a result

0:10:20.399,0:10:26.560
which was exactly what we were expecting

0:10:23.440,0:10:30.240
so that's already pretty cool

0:10:26.560,0:10:30.240
you can you can do that much

0:10:30.839,0:10:34.560
um but

0:10:33.040,0:10:37.839
that's really just kind of the tip of

0:10:34.560,0:10:41.040
the iceberg to uh to really

0:10:37.839,0:10:43.440
kind of um

0:10:41.040,0:10:46.160
use the more impressive features of

0:10:43.440,0:10:49.519
literate programming we need to uh

0:10:46.160,0:10:49.519
we need to do a little bit more

0:10:49.920,0:10:55.519
so or at least

0:10:53.200,0:10:56.480
at least really to get the full benefit

0:10:55.519,0:10:59.120
of it then

0:10:56.480,0:10:59.120
we need to do

0:10:59.600,0:11:06.320
add some sections that will cause uh

0:11:02.959,0:11:06.720
Emacs to have to to tangle or assemble

0:11:06.320,0:11:09.760
this

0:11:06.720,0:11:13.120
this file from different pieces so

0:11:09.760,0:11:16.720
imagine that we wanted to take this file

0:11:13.120,0:11:19.120
and maybe kind of templatize it

0:11:16.720,0:11:21.279
so using literature programming syntax

0:11:19.120,0:11:24.399
this angle bracket syntax

0:11:21.279,0:11:29.360
let's say that we want to create an in

0:11:24.399,0:11:32.399
imports section

0:11:29.360,0:11:35.040
in a functions section

0:11:32.399,0:11:36.240
and then maybe just a main section and

0:11:35.040,0:11:37.920
we'll get rid of this

0:11:36.240,0:11:39.760
so now you see we've created something

0:11:37.920,0:11:42.000
that looks a little bit like a

0:11:39.760,0:11:42.880
like a template or a scaffolding or

0:11:42.000,0:11:46.000
outline

0:11:42.880,0:11:48.399
for what what our file is going to be it

0:11:46.000,0:11:50.800
looks a little bit like pseudocode

0:11:48.399,0:11:52.399
and what we're going to have literate

0:11:50.800,0:11:54.800
programming do

0:11:52.399,0:11:56.639
is dynamically insert those things into

0:11:54.800,0:12:00.079
those slots

0:11:56.639,0:12:03.200
so the first thing we need to do

0:12:00.079,0:12:08.079
is so let's create a section

0:12:03.200,0:12:09.519
maybe called say hello so we want

0:12:08.079,0:12:12.720
we want to add some functionality that

0:12:09.519,0:12:15.680
makes our program say hello

0:12:12.720,0:12:17.600
so using a different snippet that I have

0:12:15.680,0:12:20.800
for creating something

0:12:17.600,0:12:24.079
that I call like a literate section

0:12:20.800,0:12:26.000
um basically we create a

0:12:24.079,0:12:27.839
another source block that's almost the

0:12:26.000,0:12:31.040
same as the one for the file but it's

0:12:27.839,0:12:31.680
it just has a few differences so say we

0:12:31.040,0:12:34.160
want to

0:12:31.680,0:12:36.639
drop code into the import section and we

0:12:34.160,0:12:39.120
want it to be in go

0:12:36.639,0:12:40.720
here we use the same noed no web no

0:12:39.120,0:12:43.200
export syntax

0:12:40.720,0:12:44.560
but then we've added this no web refs

0:12:43.200,0:12:48.240
imports

0:12:44.560,0:12:51.120
and this ties that slot

0:12:48.240,0:12:53.760
basically to this reference it tells

0:12:51.120,0:12:56.880
Emacs that when you tangle

0:12:53.760,0:12:58.240
we want to stick whatever's in here in

0:12:56.880,0:13:02.079
that spot

0:12:58.240,0:13:03.279
so you skip the tangle file name section

0:13:02.079,0:13:04.240
because you're not actually creating a

0:13:03.279,0:13:06.160
file name you're

0:13:04.240,0:13:07.680
you're putting information into an

0:13:06.160,0:13:10.720
existing file

0:13:07.680,0:13:13.680
so here we would just add the fmt

0:13:10.720,0:13:13.680
for the imports

0:13:14.399,0:13:22.240
so let's add another section for uh

0:13:18.839,0:13:25.519
functions and let's create a

0:13:22.240,0:13:30.240
let's just create a function called

0:13:25.519,0:13:32.839
say hello that

0:13:30.240,0:13:34.000
doesn't have any arguments no return

0:13:32.839,0:13:35.760
types

0:13:34.000,0:13:37.440
all it does is kind of pretty much the

0:13:35.760,0:13:39.199
same thing as we did before

0:13:37.440,0:13:41.360
just print something but let's just say

0:13:39.199,0:13:45.760
hello

0:13:41.360,0:13:49.519
Emacs comp this time

0:13:45.760,0:13:51.040
okay so now we have a function and now

0:13:49.519,0:13:52.720
the function won't do anything unless we

0:13:51.040,0:13:56.000
invoke it so let's do

0:13:52.720,0:13:59.920
one last literate section

0:13:56.000,0:14:03.519
called main make that go

0:13:59.920,0:14:06.399
source block and then let's

0:14:03.519,0:14:06.399
just invoke

0:14:06.560,0:14:13.360
that that function

0:14:10.320,0:14:15.600
so now you can see that we've got

0:14:13.360,0:14:17.199
our scaffolding scaffolding kind of

0:14:15.600,0:14:20.079
outline and then we have

0:14:17.199,0:14:21.360
the sections that we want to get tangled

0:14:20.079,0:14:25.440
or inserted

0:14:21.360,0:14:27.199
so I I've kind of used this syntax

0:14:25.440,0:14:28.560
it's it's kind of borrowed from

0:14:27.199,0:14:30.320
literature programming a little bit with

0:14:28.560,0:14:32.480
a plus equals so really it's just saying

0:14:30.320,0:14:35.760
that I want to append

0:14:32.480,0:14:37.600
this item into the import section so

0:14:35.760,0:14:39.839
it's really just to make a little bit

0:14:37.600,0:14:41.519
more clear what's going on

0:14:39.839,0:14:43.519
when you generate documentation you

0:14:41.519,0:14:46.160
won't see these

0:14:43.519,0:14:49.360
these these particular property

0:14:46.160,0:14:51.440
annotations and so you won't know

0:14:49.360,0:14:53.839
immediately that this section goes in

0:14:51.440,0:14:55.440
the imports area and so I usually put

0:14:53.839,0:14:57.760
a little bit of documentation on top

0:14:55.440,0:15:01.120
there so that it's easy to see

0:14:57.760,0:15:03.040
and you would probably if this was very

0:15:01.120,0:15:06.399
complicated you'd put some

0:15:03.040,0:15:07.360
documentation above to explain what you

0:15:06.399,0:15:10.320
were doing

0:15:07.360,0:15:10.320
maybe right here

0:15:11.519,0:15:15.040
you could you could picture yourself

0:15:13.279,0:15:17.440
maybe explaining

0:15:15.040,0:15:18.079
a complicated algorithm or something up

0:15:17.440,0:15:21.120
here

0:15:18.079,0:15:22.959
and having a nice way to document it

0:15:21.120,0:15:25.600
so now that we've got that here in the

0:15:22.959,0:15:27.040
documentation we need to figure out

0:15:25.600,0:15:29.920
we need to make sure that it's going to

0:15:27.040,0:15:33.519
tangle properly so your best friend

0:15:29.920,0:15:35.680
at this point is is uh

0:15:33.519,0:15:38.240
is a keyboard shortcut that lets you

0:15:35.680,0:15:38.959
preview the tangled operation so if you

0:15:38.240,0:15:42.560
say control

0:15:38.959,0:15:45.120
c control v control v

0:15:42.560,0:15:46.480
it will create a new buffer with the

0:15:45.120,0:15:49.360
tangled

0:15:46.480,0:15:50.639
contents and so you can see here that

0:15:49.360,0:15:53.199
the fmt

0:15:50.639,0:15:54.720
import went to the right place that

0:15:53.199,0:15:56.160
function went to the right place the

0:15:54.720,0:15:58.480
function invocation went to the right

0:15:56.160,0:16:01.279
place and so we're feeling good

0:15:58.480,0:16:02.800
you can nest these things many layers

0:16:01.279,0:16:04.800
deep

0:16:02.800,0:16:07.199
actually so like if you came into the

0:16:04.800,0:16:10.160
say hello function you could add

0:16:07.199,0:16:10.160
more sections

0:16:10.560,0:16:13.759
you know and it gets and it'll go

0:16:12.160,0:16:15.680
through and it'll

0:16:13.759,0:16:16.959
keep track of all that and tangle it for

0:16:15.680,0:16:18.320
you so you really get a lot of freedom

0:16:16.959,0:16:19.600
and flexibility for how you want to

0:16:18.320,0:16:22.320
document things

0:16:19.600,0:16:25.839
by doing this so now that we've

0:16:22.320,0:16:28.639
previewed it and we feel good about it

0:16:25.839,0:16:31.440
we need to uh we need to tangle so we

0:16:28.639,0:16:34.480
get the file on the file system

0:16:31.440,0:16:37.199
so ctrl c ctrl c and

0:16:34.480,0:16:37.920
get just main.go comes back again

0:16:37.199,0:16:40.959
control c

0:16:37.920,0:16:43.839
control c and no errors come back

0:16:40.959,0:16:45.600
and then if we did this right when we

0:16:43.839,0:16:47.199
when we run this we should get hello

0:16:45.600,0:16:51.199
Emacs comp so ctrl c

0:16:47.199,0:16:54.800
ctrl c hello Emacs comp

0:16:51.199,0:16:57.120
so I uh

0:16:54.800,0:16:58.240
I think that's pretty pretty cool

0:16:57.120,0:17:00.160
actually so we've got

0:16:58.240,0:17:02.399
kind of the breadcrumbs of the process

0:17:00.160,0:17:05.520
we've gone through to get to this point

0:17:02.399,0:17:08.000
this initial this initial

0:17:05.520,0:17:09.919
document that has some tangling in it we

0:17:08.000,0:17:12.799
have documentation for how to tangle

0:17:09.919,0:17:14.079
how to build how to run it's we've

0:17:12.799,0:17:17.760
really built a nice

0:17:14.079,0:17:20.160
foundation for

0:17:17.760,0:17:21.439
moving forward on our project and a nice

0:17:20.160,0:17:23.280
way of breaking things out and

0:17:21.439,0:17:27.120
documenting further

0:17:23.280,0:17:30.559
the last piece that we need to

0:17:27.120,0:17:34.799
take care of is the weave that I

0:17:30.559,0:17:38.640
that's I showed you in the diagram above

0:17:34.799,0:17:41.760
so one more time we'll drop in

0:17:38.640,0:17:42.400
some documentation so this time on how

0:17:41.760,0:17:44.400
to weave

0:17:42.400,0:17:47.520
so it's really just an export function

0:17:44.400,0:17:49.280
it's not there's not a separate weave

0:17:47.520,0:17:50.640
command going on here we're just going

0:17:49.280,0:17:52.799
to export

0:17:50.640,0:17:55.200
what we've got here into a markdown

0:17:52.799,0:17:57.440
format so we're using org

0:17:55.200,0:17:58.880
gfm export to markdown which is the

0:17:57.440,0:18:02.160
github style

0:17:58.880,0:18:05.440
markdown you can use the other just

0:18:02.160,0:18:10.320
more standard type as well so hit ctrl c

0:18:05.440,0:18:15.280
ctrl c now you see we've got a readme

0:18:10.320,0:18:17.440
file and if you look

0:18:15.280,0:18:19.120
in the file system we've got that right

0:18:17.440,0:18:23.120
there and so

0:18:19.120,0:18:29.840
if you go to something like ghostwriter

0:18:23.120,0:18:29.840
and open that file

0:18:31.679,0:18:35.520
now you can see that it's generated some

0:18:34.559,0:18:38.320
documentation

0:18:35.520,0:18:39.679
it puts a index at top at the top I

0:18:38.320,0:18:42.000
usually just

0:18:39.679,0:18:43.679
I usually turn that off it's easy to do

0:18:42.000,0:18:44.559
that by putting a property at the top of

0:18:43.679,0:18:46.880
your

0:18:44.559,0:18:48.559
your org file but some people like to

0:18:46.880,0:18:50.799
have an index

0:18:48.559,0:18:52.160
but here you can see that it's generated

0:18:50.799,0:18:55.200
pretty nicely and

0:18:52.160,0:18:56.880
formatted snippets well

0:18:55.200,0:18:58.240
put the diagram in there and then it's

0:18:56.880,0:19:01.039
preserved

0:18:58.240,0:19:02.799
it's preserved this literate programming

0:19:01.039,0:19:04.960
syntax

0:19:02.799,0:19:06.480
which is important because that's how we

0:19:04.960,0:19:07.200
want to view the documentation that's

0:19:06.480,0:19:10.559
what the no

0:19:07.200,0:19:13.360
exports um

0:19:10.559,0:19:14.000
property was was trying to maintain so

0:19:13.360,0:19:16.080
that

0:19:14.000,0:19:18.400
no exports means when you export do not

0:19:16.080,0:19:20.559
try to tangle so that's

0:19:18.400,0:19:22.240
hopefully that makes more sense now but

0:19:20.559,0:19:26.080
now you can see all the documentation

0:19:22.240,0:19:29.919
and I think it demonstrates a

0:19:26.080,0:19:33.520
pretty useful feature that's inside of

0:19:29.919,0:19:35.039
Emacs and and hopefully

0:19:33.520,0:19:39.840
hopefully you'll have as much fun using

0:19:35.039,0:19:39.840
that as I have

0:19:39.919,0:19:43.600
so thanks